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Max Tegmark & Leehwa Yeh
We study properties of steady states (states with time-independent density operators) of systems of coupled harmonic oscillators. Formulas are derived showing how adiabatic change of the Hamiltonian transforms one steady state into another. It is shown that for infinite systems, sudden change of the Hamiltonian also tends to produce steady states, after a transition period of oscillations. These naturally arising steady states are compared to the maximum-entropy state (the thermal state) and are seen not to coincide in general. The approach to equilibrium of subsystems consisting of $n$ coupled harmonic oscillators has been widely studied, but only in the simple case where n=1. The power of our results is that they can be applied to more complex subsustems, where n>1. It is shown that the use of coupled harmonic oscillators as heat baths models is fraught with some problems that do not appear in the simple n=1 case. Specifically, the thermal states that are though to be achievable through hard-sphere collisions with heat-bath particles can generally {\it not} be achieved with harmonic coupling to the heat-bath particles, except approximately when the coupling is weak.
Published in Physica A, 202, 342-362 (1994)
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